The Open Scripting Architecture (OSA) provides a standard and extensible mechanism for interapplication communication in OS X. This communication takes place through the exchange of Apple events. An Apple event is a type of interprocess message that encapsulates commands and data.
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How Mac Scripting Works
A scriptable application responds to Apple events by performing operations or supplying data. Every scriptable app implements its own scripting features and exposes its own unique terminology through a scripting dictionary. While not all apps are considered scriptable, any app with a graphical user interface responds to Apple Events at a minimal level. This is because OS X uses Apple Events to instruct all apps to perform core tasks such as launching, quitting, opening a document, and printing. To learn about scripting terminology and dictionaries, see Accessing Scripting Terminology.
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The OSA provides the following capabilities in OS X:
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The Open Scripting framework defines standard data structures, routines, and resources for creating scripting components, which implement support for specific scripting languages. The AppleScript and JavaScript components (in
System/Library/Components ), for example, make it possible to control scriptable apps from AppleScript and JavaScript scripts. Through the framework’s standard interface, a scriptable app can interact with any scripting component, regardless of its language. The framework also provides API for compiling, executing, loading, and storing scripts—functions provided by script editing apps.
The Apple Event Manager supplies the underlying support for creating scriptable apps and is implemented in the AE framework within the CoreServices framework. App developers can interact with the Apple Event Manager through the Apple Event APIs in the Foundation framework. See NSAppleEventManager Class Reference and NSAppleEventDescriptor Class Reference.
Figure 2-1 shows how OSA elements work together in OS X.
Extending the Reach of Scripting
Every scriptable app expands the reach of scripting. Developers can also add new scripting capabilities through scripting additions and scriptable background apps.
A scripting addition is a bundle that implements new scripting terminology. For example, the Standard Additions scripting addition that comes with OS X (found in
/System/Library/ScriptingAdditions/StandardAdditions.osax ), includes commands for using the Clipboard, displaying alerts, speaking text, executing shell scripts, and more. Since scripting additions are loaded in a global context, commands provided by Standard Additions are available to all scripts.
A scriptable background application (sometimes called an agent) runs with no visible user interface and provides scripts with access to useful features. System Events and Image Events are examples of scriptable background apps in OS X. Scripts can target System Events to perform operations on property list files, adjust system preferences, and much more. Scripts can target Image Events to perform basic image manipulations, such as cropping, rotating, and resizing.
Objective-C Bridging
Several technologies in OS X make it possible for scripts to interact with Objective-C frameworks, and vice-versa.
AppleScriptObjC is a bridge between AppleScript and Objective-C, and JavaScriptObjC is a bridge between JavaScript for automation and Objective-C. These bridges enable you to write scripts that use scripting terminology to interact with Objective-C frameworks, such as Foundation and AppKit. The bridges also enable you to design user interfaces for scripts that have the same look and feel of any other Cocoa app. For information about the AppleScriptObjC bridge, see Objective-C to AppleScript Quick Translation Guide. For information about JavaScriptObjC, see Objective-C Bridge in JavaScript for Automation Release Notes.
The Scripting Bridge lets you control scriptable apps using standard Objective-C syntax. Instead of incorporating scripts in your Cocoa app or dealing with the complexities of sending and handling Apple events, you can simply send Objective-C messages to objects representing scriptable apps. Your Cocoa app can do anything a script can, but in Objective-C code that’s more tightly integrated with the rest of your project’s code. See Scripting Bridge Programming Guide and Scripting Bridge Framework Reference.
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Yosemite features Automator, and he’s your own personal robotic automation assistant. Automator can help you create custom applications that can handle your repetitive tasks. You’re creating workflows here, which are sequential (and repeatable) operations that are performed on the same files or data.
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Your Automator application can automatically launch whatever applications are necessary to get the job done.
Here’s a great example: You work with a service bureau that sends you a CD every week with new product shots for your company’s Marketing department. Unfortunately, these images are flat-out huge — taken with a 16-megapixel camera — and they’re always in the wrong orientation. Before you move them to the Marketing folder on your server, you must laboriously resize each image and rotate it, and then save the smaller version.
With Automator’s help, you can build a custom application that automatically reads each image in the folder, resizes it, rotates it, and even generates a thumbnail image or prints the image, and then moves the massaged images to the proper folder.
You’d normally have to manually launch Preview to perform the image operations and then use a Finder window to move the new files to the right location. But now, with Automator, double-clicking your custom application icon does the trick.
You can run Automator from Launchpad, of course. Open the Utilities/Other folder, and click the Automator icon — it’s also located in your Applications folder. Currently, Automator can handle specific tasks in more than 80 applications (including Finder), but both Apple and third-party developers can add new Automator task support to both new and existing applications.
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Like other Yosemite applications, you’ll initially see the Open dialog. (Don’t forget, if you have Automator projects you want to store in your iCloud Drive, you can simply drag them into this Open dialog.) If you’re creating a new Automator application from scratch, however, click the New Document button to display the Automator window.
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To create a simple application using Automator, follow these steps:
To find all the actions of a certain type in the Library list, click in the Search box at the top of the Library list and type a keyword, such as save or burn. You don’t even need to press Return!
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